How we calculate
Total transparency on the numbers behind every TaxFly tool. These are the official rates and formulas we use for the 2026/27 tax year - each linked to its source.
UK tax is regional and changes yearly, so accuracy depends on using the right rules for the right nation and year. Below are the exact figures stored in our system for 2026/27. We re-check every value against the official sources each 6 April.
Income Tax - England, Wales & Northern Ireland
Your tax-free Personal Allowance of £12,570 is deducted first (it reduces by £1 for every £2 you earn over £100,000). The rest is taxed band by band:
| Band | Rate |
|---|---|
| Basic rate | 20% |
| Higher rate | 40% |
| Additional rate | 45% |
Source: GOV.UK - Income Tax rates and Personal Allowances.
Income Tax - Scotland
Scotland sets its own bands and rates (the £12,570 Personal Allowance is still UK-wide):
| Band | Rate |
|---|---|
| Starter rate | 19% |
| Basic rate | 20% |
| Intermediate rate | 21% |
| Higher rate | 42% |
| Advanced rate | 45% |
| Top rate | 48% |
Source: GOV.UK - rates and thresholds 2026 to 2027.
National Insurance - employees (Class 1)
Paid at 8% on earnings between £12,570 and £50,270, then 2% above. Source: GOV.UK.
Self-employed (Class 4 NI)
6% on profits between £12,570 and £50,270, then 2% above, on top of Income Tax. Source: GOV.UK - Self-employed NI.
VAT
Standard rate 20%, reduced rate 5%. Source: GOV.UK - VAT rates.
Stamp duty - three taxes, three nations
England & Northern Ireland pay SDLT, Scotland pays LBTT, and Wales pays LTT. Each is progressive (rates apply only to the slice of the price within each band) and each has its own thresholds and reliefs.
These calculators give estimates for guidance only and are not tax advice. For decisions that matter, confirm with HMRC or a qualified accountant.
